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Sample Style Guide: Mastering Citations with Examples

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Navigating the world of academic writing requires a strong understanding of citation styles. A style guide provides a standardized format for citing sources, ensuring clarity, consistency, and academic integrity in your work. This Sample Style Guide focuses on the Notes and Bibliography system, a widely used method, particularly within the humanities. Understanding how to use a sample style guide effectively is crucial for students, researchers, and anyone involved in scholarly writing. Below, you’ll find comprehensive examples for various source types, demonstrating the correct formatting for notes, shortened notes, and bibliography entries. This guide is designed to help you create accurate and professional citations, enhancing the credibility of your research and writing.

Book Citation Examples

Books are foundational sources in academic research. Here are examples of how to cite them correctly using the Notes and Bibliography style. Remember, according to the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), the place of publication is no longer mandatory in book citations.

Notes for Books

These examples show full book citations as they would appear in footnotes or endnotes.

  1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

  2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

Shortened Notes for Books

After the first full citation, subsequent references to the same book can be shortened for conciseness.

  1. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

  2. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

Bibliography Entries for Books

Bibliography entries provide full publication details and are listed alphabetically at the end of your paper.

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

For more in-depth guidance on citing books and further examples, consult sections 13.21–26 and 14.2–62 of The Chicago Manual of Style.

Chapter in an Edited Book: Style Guide Examples

When citing a specific chapter or part of an edited book, the format differs slightly to acknowledge both the chapter author and the book editors. Page ranges for chapters are not required in bibliography entries but are essential in notes when referencing specific information.

Notes for Chapters in Edited Books

  1. Kathleen Doyle, “The Queen Mary Psalter,” in The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, ed. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 64.

Shortened Notes for Chapters in Edited Books

  1. Doyle, “Queen Mary Psalter,” 65.

Bibliography Entries for Chapters in Edited Books

Doyle, Kathleen. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.

Sometimes, you might need to cite the entire edited collection rather than a specific chapter. Here’s how:

Notes for Entire Edited Books

  1. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin, eds., The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention (University of Chicago Press, 2023).

Shortened Notes for Entire Edited Books

  1. Marks and Parkin, Book by Design.

Bibliography Entries for Entire Edited Books

Marks, P. J. M., and Stephen Parkin, eds. The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention. University of Chicago Press, 2023.

Refer to CMOS sections 14.8–14 for more detailed examples and rules on citing chapters and edited books.

Citing Translated Books: Sample Style Guide

When citing translated works, it’s important to include information about both the original author and the translator. In the following examples, note how author names of Eastern origin are handled according to CMOS guidelines (section 13.75).

Notes for Translated Books

  1. Liu Xinwu, The Wedding Party, trans. Jeremy Tiang (Amazon Crossing, 2021).

Shortened Notes for Translated Books

  1. Liu, Wedding Party, 279.

Bibliography Entries for Translated Books

Liu Xinwu. The Wedding Party. Translated by Jeremy Tiang. Amazon Crossing, 2021.

For further guidance on citing translated works, see CMOS sections 14.5–7.

Electronic Books: Citation Style Examples

Citing electronic books requires including either a URL or the database name. For ebooks without fixed page numbers, cite chapter titles or numbers instead. For books published before 1900, cite the place of publication instead of the publisher, as shown in the Moby-Dick example, in accordance with CMOS 14.31.

Notes for Electronic Books

  1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

  2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

  3. Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking, 2nd ed. (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 92, EBSCOhost.

  4. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York, 1851), 627, https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Shortened Notes for Electronic Books

  1. Roy, God of Small Things, chap. 7.

  2. Kurland and Lerner, Founders’ Constitution, chap. 4, doc. 29.

  3. Borel, Fact-Checking, 104–5.

  4. Melville, Moby-Dick, 722–23.

Bibliography Entries for Electronic Books

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, 2023. EBSCOhost.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. University of Chicago Press, 1987. https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. Random House, 2008. Kindle.

For more examples and details on citing electronic books, refer to CMOS sections 14.58–62.

Journal Article Citations: Style Guide Examples

Journal articles are typically cited by volume and issue number. Page ranges for the entire article are included in the bibliography, while specific pages are cited in the notes. For online journal articles, include a DOI-based URL if available, or the database name.

Notes for Journal Articles

  1. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

  2. B. T. Hebert, “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life,” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 310, EBSCOhost.

  3. Benjamin Lindquist, “The Art of Text-to-Speech,” Critical Inquiry 50, no. 2 (2023): 230, https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

  4. Emily L. Dittmar and Douglas W. Schemske, “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation,” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 480, https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

Shortened Notes for Journal Articles

  1. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1851.

  2. Hebert, “Island of Bolsö,” 311.

  3. Lindquist, “Text-to-Speech,” 231–32.

  4. Dittmar and Schemske, “Temporal Variation,” 480.

Bibliography Entries for Journal Articles

Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation.” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

Hebert, B. T. “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life.” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 307–13. EBSCOhost.

Kwon, Hyeyoung. “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life.” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Lindquist, Benjamin. “The Art of Text-to-Speech.” Critical Inquiry 50, no. 2 (2023): 225–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

For articles with multiple authors, follow CMOS section 14.71. For two authors, list both. For three to six authors, list all in the bibliography but use “et al.” in notes after the first author. For more than six authors, list the first three followed by “et al.” in the bibliography.

Note for Journal Article with Multiple Authors

  1. Amiel A. Dror et al., “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness,” PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): 4–5, e0263069, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

Shortened Note for Journal Article with Multiple Authors

  1. Dror et al., “Pre-Infection,” 7.

Bibliography Entry for Journal Article with Multiple Authors

Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness.” PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

Consult CMOS sections 14.67–86 for comprehensive details and more examples of journal article citations.

News and Magazine Articles: Sample Citations

Citations for news articles, magazine articles, blogs, and similar sources are formatted similarly. Page numbers are optional in notes and omitted from bibliography entries. Include a URL or database name for online articles.

Notes for News or Magazine Articles

  1. Dani Blum, “Are Flax Seeds All That?,” New York Times, December 13, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/well/eat/flax-seeds-benefits.html.

  2. Rebecca Mead, “Terms of Aggrievement,” New Yorker, December 18, 2023, 21.

  3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post, July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

  4. Elana Klein, “Meet Flip, the Viral Video App Giving Away Free Stuff,” Wired, December 21, 2023, https://www.wired.com/story/flip-viral-video-app-shopping-free-stuff/.

Shortened Notes for News or Magazine Articles

  1. Blum, “Flax Seeds.”

  2. Mead, “Terms of Aggrievement,” 23–24.

  3. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

  4. Klein, “Meet Flip.”

Bibliography Entries for News or Magazine Articles

Blum, Dani. “Are Flax Seeds All That?” New York Times, December 13, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/well/eat/flax-seeds-benefits.html.

Klein, Elana. “Meet Flip, the Viral Video App Giving Away Free Stuff.” Wired, December 21, 2023. https://www.wired.com/story/flip-viral-video-app-shopping-free-stuff/.

Mead, Rebecca. “Terms of Aggrievement.” New Yorker, December 18, 2023.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post, July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Reader comments are cited in notes or text but are excluded from bibliographies.

Note for Reader Comment

  1. Michelle (Reno), December 15, 2023, comment on Blum, “Flax Seeds.”

For further details, consult CMOS sections 14.87–88 (magazines) and 14.89–98 (newspapers and news sites).

Book Review Citation Examples

Book reviews are cited similarly to articles.

Note for Book Review

  1. Alexandra Jacobs, “The Muchness of Madonna,” review of Madonna: A Rebel Life, by Mary Gabriel, New York Times, October 8, 2023.

Shortened Note for Book Review

  1. Jacobs, “Muchness of Madonna.”

Bibliography Entry for Book Review

Jacobs, Alexandra. “The Muchness of Madonna.” Review of Madonna: A Rebel Life, by Mary Gabriel. New York Times, October 8, 2023.

Interview Citation Guide

Interviews are generally cited under the interviewee’s name.

Note for Interview

  1. Joy Buolamwini, “ ‘If You Have a Face, You Have a Place in the Conversation About AI,’ Expert Says,” interview by Tonya Mosley, Fresh Air, NPR, November 28, 2023, audio, 37:58, https://www.npr.org/2023/11/28/1215529902/unmasking-ai-facial-recognition-technology-joy-buolamwini.

Shortened Note for Interview

  1. Buolamwini, interview.

Bibliography Entry for Interview

Buolamwini, Joy. “ ‘If You Have a Face, You Have a Place in the Conversation About AI,’ Expert Says.” Interview by Tonya Mosley. Fresh Air, NPR, November 28, 2023. Audio, 37:58. https://www.npr.org/2023/11/28/1215529902/unmasking-ai-facial-recognition-technology-joy-buolamwini.

Refer to CMOS sections 14.108–110 for more examples of interview citations.

Thesis or Dissertation Citation Style

Theses and dissertations have a specific citation format including the degree type and institution.

Note for Thesis or Dissertation

  1. Yuna Blajer de la Garza, “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019), 66–67, ProQuest (13865986).

Shortened Note for Thesis or Dissertation

  1. Blajer de la Garza, “House,” 93.

Bibliography Entry for Thesis or Dissertation

Blajer de la Garza, Yuna. “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019. ProQuest (13865986).

For more details, see CMOS section 14.113.

Web Page Citation Examples

For web pages, a simple in-text description may suffice. For more formal citations, use the format below, including an access date if no publication or revision date is available.

Notes for Web Pages

  1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.

  2. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style,” Wikimedia Foundation, last modified December 19, 2023, 21:54 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

  3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

Shortened Notes for Web Pages

  1. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

  2. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.”

  3. “Yale Facts.”

Bibliography Entries for Web Pages

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

Wikimedia Foundation. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.” Last modified December 19, 2023, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

See CMOS section 14.104 for more web page citation guidance.

Social Media Content Citation Style Guide

Social media citations can often be in text. Formal citations may be needed in notes, and occasionally in bibliographies.

Text Citation Example for Social Media

The Instagram post included a photo of the president delivering a eulogy at the National Cathedral and referred to O’Connor as “gracious and principled” (@potus, December 19, 2023).

Notes for Social Media Content

  1. NASA Webb Telescope (@NASAWebb), “👀 Sneak a peek at the deepest & sharpest infrared image of the early universe ever taken—all in a day’s work for the Webb telescope. (Literally, capturing it took less than a day!),” Twitter (now X), July 11, 2022, https://twitter.com/NASAWebb/status/1546621080298835970.

  2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Shortened Notes for Social Media Content

  1. NASA Webb Telescope, “👀 Sneak a peek.”

  2. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Bibliography Entry for Social Media Content

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Refer to CMOS section 14.106 for more social media citation examples.

Video and Podcast Citation Examples

Citing videos and podcasts involves including details like the format, duration, and platform.

Notes for Videos or Podcasts

  1. Vaitea Cowan, “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era,” TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022, 9 min., 15 sec., https://www.ted.com/talks/vaitea_cowan_how_green_hydrogen_could_end_the_fossil_fuel_era.

  2. Eric Oliver, “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things,” moderated by Andrew McCall, virtual lecture, February 23, 2022, posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago, YouTube, 1:01:45, https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

  3. Lauren Ober, host, The Loudest Girl in the World, season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!,” Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022, 41 min., 37 sec., https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.

Shortened Notes for Videos or Podcasts

  1. Cowan, “Green Hydrogen,” at 6:09–17.

  2. Oliver, “Why.”

  3. Ober, “Goodbye, Routine.”

Bibliography Entries for Videos or Podcasts

Cowan, Vaitea. “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era.” TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022. Video, 9 min., 15 sec. https://www.ted.com/talks/vaitea_cowan_how_green_hydrogen_could_end_the_fossil_fuel_era.

Ober, Lauren, host. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!” Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022. Podcast, 41 min., 37 sec. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.

Oliver, Eric. “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things.” Moderated by Andrew McCall. Virtual lecture, February 23, 2022. Posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago. YouTube, 1:01:45. https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

See CMOS sections 14.167–69 for more details on citing videos and podcasts.

Personal Communication Citation Example

Personal communications are usually cited only in notes or text, not in the bibliography.

Note for Personal Communication

  1. Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024.

For more on personal communication citations, refer to CMOS section 14.111.

This sample style guide provides a comprehensive overview of citation formatting using the Notes and Bibliography system. By following these examples, you can ensure accuracy and consistency in your academic citations. Always refer to the full Chicago Manual of Style for detailed guidelines and specific cases.

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