Heather Heying and Bret Weinstein, in their book A Hunter-Gatherer’s Guide to the 21st Century: Evolution and the Challenge of Modern Life, offer a unique perspective on contemporary challenges, viewing them through the lens of evolutionary biology. The authors, formerly professors at Evergreen State College, became known after facing campus unrest related to their views. Their book seeks to apply evolutionary principles to understand and address the complexities of modern existence. This exploration provides a framework for understanding how humanity can adapt to the rapid changes of the 21st century.
The central argument of the book is that while humans are inherently adaptable, the pace of change in the modern world is outpacing our ability to adjust. This disconnect, according to Heying and Weinstein, leads to physical, psychological, social, and environmental problems. They propose that understanding our evolutionary history and biological predispositions can offer valuable insights into navigating these challenges. This approach blends scientific understanding with an exploration of human nature, providing a unique guide for modern living.
Evolutionary Insights for Modern Challenges
Heying and Weinstein emphasize humanity’s adaptability, stating, “. . . humans are extraordinarily well adapted to, and equipped for, change” (xxii). However, they stress that modern society presents unprecedented challenges. The authors believe that diverse perspectives and collaborative problem-solving are crucial for addressing these issues.
A Hunter-Gatherer’s Guide to the 21st Century: Evolution and the Challenge of Modern Life delves into the ways in which our evolved traits interact with modern environments, and suggests that understanding this interaction can help us make informed decisions about our lives and societies. They argue that many of our current societal norms and practices are misaligned with our evolutionary needs, leading to various forms of dis-ease.
The Value of Tradition and the Need for Generalists
The authors highlight the value of customs and traditions, which often encapsulate the wisdom of past generations. “When times are good, people should be reluctant to challenge ancestral wisdom” (9), they argue. However, they also note that the increasing complexity of the modern world necessitates generalists—individuals with broad knowledge across multiple domains who can connect disparate ideas. This call for interdisciplinary thinking is a key aspect of their hunter-gatherer’s guide to the 21st century.
Addressing the Dark Side of Evolution
Heying and Weinstein acknowledge that evolution has produced both positive and negative outcomes. “Some of what evolution has produced is, indeed, ugly: infanticide, rape, and genocide are all products of evolution” (13). They confront the ethical implications of evolutionary biology, recognizing that survival of the fittest can lead to undesirable behaviors. This acknowledgment sets the stage for a discussion of how morality and ethics can be integrated with an evolutionary understanding of human nature.
Sex, Gender, and Societal Norms
The book challenges many contemporary societal norms related to sex and gender. The authors state, “The differences between the sexes are a reality, and while they can be cause for concern, they are also very often a strength, and we ignore them at our peril” (105). They argue that biological realities should not be ignored in the pursuit of social justice, and that understanding these differences can lead to a more nuanced and effective approach to equality.
The Dangers of “Proxies” and the Importance of Monogamy
Heying and Weinstein discuss the confusion between “proxies” and the real thing, using the example of gender stereotypes. They also advocate for monogamy as the most beneficial mating system, arguing that it fosters cooperation, fairness, and the development of competent adults. “Monogamy is the mating system with the greatest potential for cooperation and fairness” (129). Their defense of monogamy, based on evolutionary principles, is a surprising but compelling aspect of their guide.
Parenting and the Loss of Childhood
The authors are critical of modern parenting practices, arguing that children are being overprotected and deprived of the experiences necessary for healthy development. “Stealing childhood from the young—by organizing and scheduling their play for them, by keeping them from risk and exploration, by controlling and sedating them with screens and algorithms and legal drugs—practically guarantees that they will arrive at the age of adulthood without being capable of actually being adults” (147). They contend that children need unstructured play, exposure to risk, and opportunities for independent problem-solving to develop into resilient and capable adults. This perspective is particularly relevant in the context of rising rates of anxiety and depression among young people.
The Fragility of Modern Education
Heying and Weinstein critique modern education, arguing that it often prioritizes conformity over critical thinking and creativity. “Modern school tends to protect against individual tragedies while facilitating the larger, societal ones” (173). They suggest that schools should focus on fostering resilience, independence, and a willingness to take intellectual risks.
Post-Modernism and the Construction of Reality
The authors challenge post-modern thought, particularly the idea that all reality is socially constructed. “One of the most astounding conclusions of some postmodernists is that all reality is socially constructed” (194). They argue that while social constructs are important, they should not obscure the underlying biological and physical realities that shape our world.
Consciousness as a Solution
In addressing the challenges facing society, Heying and Weinstein ultimately point to consciousness as a potential solution. “Where to turn to find salvation? In simple terms, consciousness” (226). They advocate for a greater awareness of our evolutionary history, our biological predispositions, and the unintended consequences of our actions.
The Inevitable Compromise
The authors acknowledge the inherent tensions between freedom and justice, arguing that no society can maximize both simultaneously. “No society can be both the freest and the most just” (232). They suggest that a compromise is necessary to create a stable and equitable society.
An Evolutionary Perspective on Societal Collapse
Heying and Weinstein express concern about the direction in which society is headed, warning of potential collapse. “We are hurtling toward destruction” (241). They argue that the solution lies in understanding and addressing the evolutionary roots of our problems.
A Hunter-Gatherer’s Guide: A Call to Action
A Hunter-Gatherer’s Guide to the 21st Century offers a thought-provoking perspective on modern life, urging readers to consider the evolutionary implications of our choices and behaviors. While their evolutionary framework may not appeal to everyone, their insights into the challenges facing society and their call for a more conscious and deliberate approach to living are both timely and relevant. By understanding our past, we can better navigate the complexities of the present and build a more sustainable future. The book ultimately serves as a call to action, encouraging individuals to embrace their evolutionary heritage while actively shaping a better world. This guide offers a unique and compelling perspective for anyone seeking to understand and navigate the challenges of the 21st century.
