Anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) are sophisticated medium to long-range missiles specifically engineered to neutralize tanks and other armored vehicles. These missiles represent a crucial component of modern warfare, offering a potent countermeasure to heavily armored threats on the battlefield.
ATGMs utilize a variety of guidance systems to accurately strike their targets. Early versions relied on manual guidance, where operators used joysticks to steer the missile via wire. Examples of these first-generation ATGMs include the British Vigilant and the Soviet Sagger. While effective, these systems demanded extensive operator training and kept the launch crew exposed until impact.
The mid-1960s saw the introduction of semi-automatic guidance, simplifying operation. These systems required the operator to maintain visual contact with the target, while the missile automatically adjusted its trajectory, guided by wire, radio, or laser. The U.S. TOW missile, Chinese Hongjian-8, and Russian Kornet are examples of these refined ATGMs that have remained relevant for decades. This evolution significantly reduced operator workload and risk.
The most advanced ATGMs incorporate “fire-and-forget” technology. Systems like the U.S. Javelin and Israeli Spike enable soldiers to lock onto a target using an optical or infrared viewer before launch. Once fired, the missile autonomously guides itself to the target. The Javelin, for instance, employs digital imaging to compare real-time images with its onboard target library, ensuring precise hits without further operator input. This technology drastically increases soldier survivability and operational tempo.
Modern ATGMs can be deployed from multiple platforms, including aircraft, vehicles, and by infantry units. Many are designed to fly in high arcs, attacking tanks from above where their armor is typically weakest. Furthermore, ATGMs are versatile weapons, capable of engaging not only armored vehicles but also fortified positions and even slow-moving aircraft, expanding their utility on the battlefield. The continuous development of ATGM technology ensures their continued importance in modern military strategy.
